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Multiple Realisability and Causal Heterogeneity
Multiple realizability is a situation where the same higher level entity can be realized by different things at a lower level. In medicine, we actually don't like it when diseases have that kind of a feature. To think of cigarettes in lung cancer is a causal relationship smoking and lung cancer. But if you think of just the cigarette itself, this is an example that eliot sober, philosopher of biology, brings up.