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The Last Messiah

Book • 1933
In 'The Last Messiah,' Zapffe argues that human existence is marked by an overabundance of consciousness, leading to existential angst and despair.

He views humanity as a 'biological paradox, an abomination, an absurdity, an exaggeration of disastrous nature' due to its overly evolved intellect.

Zapffe proposes four main mechanisms humans use to cope with this existential terror: isolation, anchoring, distraction, and sublimation.

The essay is a cornerstone of philosophical pessimism and has influenced other thinkers, including horror writer Thomas Ligotti.

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