Monadologie

The Monadology, written in 1714, is one of Leibniz's most important philosophical works.

It outlines his metaphysics of simple substances, or monads, which are indivisible, non-extended, and the basic building blocks of the universe.

Leibniz argues that monads are fully determinate individual substances with internal principles for their change of states and that they perceive the universe from unique perspectives.

The text also discusses the pre-established harmony among monads, the role of God as the necessary and simplest substance, and the argument that we live in the best of all possible worlds.

Leibniz's monadology is a comprehensive system that critiques Cartesian and mechanistic views of nature, emphasizing the unity and causal necessity of the universe through the concept of monads.