Toward Perpetual Peace

Book •
Immanuel Kant's "Toward Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch" outlines conditions for lasting peace among nations.

Kant argues that a federation of free states, respecting each other's sovereignty, is essential.

He advocates for a republican constitution in each state to ensure citizen consent for war.

The essay proposes abolishing standing armies and prohibiting national debt for external affairs.

Kant envisions cosmopolitan law protecting individuals' rights as global citizens, fostering universal hospitality and preventing war.

His work remains a cornerstone in discussions of international relations and the pursuit of global peace.

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David Armitage
, referencing Kant’s contemplation on whether perpetual peace is for humans or heads of state.
David Armitage - The Dark Side of Enlightened Cosmopolitanism: Civilisation and Civil War

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