Welcome back to Origin Story. In this bonus episode Dorian tells the unnervingly relevant story of Enoch Powell’s so-called “Rivers of Blood” speech. On 20 April 1968, the Conservative MP for Wolverhampton South West delivered probably the most explosive political speech in British peacetime history, bringing into the mainstream opinions previously confined to the far right. As Keir Starmer discovered, even the faintest echo of the speech is toxic on the left, yet on the right newspaper columnists and politicians like Robert Jenrick are reviving Powell’s rhetoric with impunity.

We start by examining Powell’s youth as a brilliant scholar, war hero and ardent imperialist who developed an idiosyncratic version of nationalism. As a junior minister and pioneering neoliberal in the 1950s, he barely mentioned race or immigration but he became increasingly obsessed during the 1960s, and increasingly vocal. Powell contrived his speech to have the biggest possible impact and he succeeded. While he was sacked by Tory leader Ted Heath and denounced as an evil race-baiter by the establishment (even The Beatles took a shot), he became the most popular politician in Britain almost overnight. It was the first eruption of what we now know as right-wing populism and its aftershocks extended from Rock Against Racism and no-platforming to the Great Replacement Theory and Brexit.

How did one speech poison British politics? What led Powell to deliver it? What can it teach us about the timeless tricks of anti-immigrant oratory? Did he merely activate the British public’s latent racism or actively feed it? What lessons have politicians failed to learn about how to deal with anti-immigrant sentiment? And why are Britain’s elites more tolerant of overt racism in 2025 than they were in 1968?

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Reading list

• Anonymous, ‘An Evil Speech’, The Times (22 April 1968)

• Anonymous, ‘Coloured Family Attacked’, The Times (1 May 1968)

• Paul Foot, The Rise of Enoch Powell (1969)

• Simon Heffer, Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell (1998)

• Tom McTague, Between the Waves: The Hidden History of a Very British Revolution 1945-2016 (2025)

• Sarfraz Manzoor, ‘Black Britain’s Darkest Hour’, The Guardian (2008)

• Caroline Moorhead, ‘A Would-Be Leader Deserted by Destiny’, The Times (12 May 1975)

• Enoch Powell, the ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech, 20 April 1968

• J. Enoch Powell, Freedom and Reality, edited by John Wood (1969)

• Andrew Roth, Enoch Powell: Tory Tribune (1970)

• Michael Savage, ‘Fifty years on, what is the legacy of Enoch Powell’s “rivers of blood” speech?’, The Observer (2018)

• Douglas E. Schoen, Enoch Powell and the Powellites (1977)

• Robert Shepherd, Enoch Powell (1996)

• Evan Smith, No Platform: A History of Anti-Fascism, Universities and the Limits of Free Speech (2020)

• Bill Smithies and Peter Fiddick, Enoch Powell on Immigration (1969)
Written and presented by Dorian Lynskey and Ian Dunt. Produced by Simon Williams. Music by Jade Bailey. Art by Jim Parrett. Logo by Mischa Welsh. Group Editor: Andrew Harrison. Origin Story is a Podmasters production

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Between the Waves: The Hidden History of a Very British Revolution 1945-2016

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