Brown University cognitive scientist Steven Sloman reveals the hidden mechanism driving cultural division—and why it matters for security leadership. In this wide-ranging conversation, Sloman explains the fundamental tension between sacred values and consequentialist thinking, and how understanding this dynamic transforms how leaders communicate risk and build organizational culture.

Justin Beals opens with a personal story about leaving a religious environment defined by absolute values, setting the stage for an exploration of how cognitive science explains why extremists control discourse, why outrage dominates social media, and why having strong values might actually be essential for good decision-making.

KEY TOPICS: • The two systems humans use for decision-making and why both matter • Why simplified positions dominate complex policy debates • How humor breaks through absolutist thinking • The critical difference between AI association and human deliberation • Why communities radicalize when they become too insular • Practical frameworks for leadership teams navigating value conflicts

Sloman, author of "The Cost of Conviction: How Our Deepest Values Lead Us Astray," shares insights from decades of research on cognition, reasoning, and collective thinking. The conversation moves from abstract cognitive science to immediate applications for security professionals operating in organizations where tribal loyalties threaten evidence-based decision-making.

Whether you're presenting risk assessments to boards, building security culture, or helping organizations function during divisive times, this episode offers frameworks for understanding when values serve us and when consequentialist analysis becomes essential.

Resources: Sloman, S. (2025). The cost of conviction: How our deepest values lead us astray. MIT Press. (https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262049825/the-cost-of-conviction/)

Causal Models, How We Think About the World and Its Alternatives

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