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One of the most difficult questions in religious life is also one of the most basic: how do we show genuine respect for Torah and its teachers while still taking responsibility for our own moral and halachic decisions?

At what point does kavod, or respect, become healthy reverence, and at what point does it quietly turn into something more dangerous, a way of outsourcing thought, conscience, and responsibility?

Many of us were raised with a strong emphasis on deference. Trust the rabbis. Follow the gedolim. Do not question authority. And yet at the same time, my guest today, Rabbi Aryeh Klapper, insists that Judaism does not allow a Nuremberg defense - that is, you cannot say I was only following orders. Every individual remains accountable for his or her choices.

So how do those ideas live together?

Does independent thinking strengthen Torah or threaten it? Is there such a thing as going too far in thinking for yourself? Who decides who actually has authority, and on what basis? And perhaps most provocatively, is the category of "gedolim" we frequently reference a religious reality, or merely a political one?

In this conversation, Rabbi Klapper challenges many assumptions that are often taken for granted in Orthodox discourse. He speaks about the dangers of imposed respect, the psychological cost of receiving kavod, the limits of rabbinic authority, and the responsibility that no Jew can ever fully give away, even to the greatest scholar.

This discussion was thoughtful, nuanced, and frequently surprising. It is not about tearing down Torah leadership, but about asking what real Torah responsibility actually demands from each of us.

This is a conversation about authority, respect, when it's appropriate to surrender our own judgment, and what it truly means to live as a thinking Jew within a halachic system.

Please listen to and share this podcast, and let us know what you think on the Orthodox Conundrum Discussion Group on Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/groups/432020081498108).

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Music: "Happy Rock" by bensound.com

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